To begin a study of Roman history is to begin the study of Western civilization, and this introductory work provides a fine place to start. In truth, all roads lead not only to Rome, but from Rome. Upon Rome’s extensive system of roads moved not just the building blocks of society and commerce, but also an invisible cargo of ideas that connected Roman society and later the Christian Church, early modern Europe, and all that followed. Roman culture was syncretic from the beginning. The early years of monarchy (753–510 BCE) witnessed the amalgamation of Etruscans, Oscans, Sabines, and other Italic peoples. Bit by bit the Romans of the republican period (510 BCE–27 BCE) extended their imperium. By 270 BCE, Rome controlled the entire Italian Peninsula. The expansions continued and established the foundation for an empire that by 116 CE would encompass more than 6.5 million square miles (16.8 million sq. km) under the emperor Trajan.At this time the empire covered the full perimeter of the Mediterranean Sea, stretching north to Scotland, south to Arabia, and east to Mesopotamia.
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